Internal Migration in India

According to Wikipedia Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another (external migration), but internal migration (within a single country) is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally.

Reasons for Migration:-

1. Economic

• Pull Factor: The attractiveness of more developed areas attracts migrants towards these developed areas as they have better opportunities for employment, Higher wages and offer better amenities.

• Push Factor: As the main source of income in rural areas is Agricultural Income which is not sufficient for everyone in the family, hence the shift towards cities. In the less developed area, there is low land availability, which leads to a lower share. Lack of facilities and deployed opportunities such as Infrastructure & Literacy.

2. Socio-Cultural Factors

• Caste-based discrimination

• Entertainment

• Family conflicts

• Communication Facilities

• Education

Issues Affecting Internal Migrants:-

1. Non-Portability of Entitlement- As lack of reliable data available among the migrants faces challenges in inclusion.

2. Mainly migrants of SCs & STs tend to face more social discrimination.

3. Low Literacy Rate- Then are forced to do backward jobs and are widely exploited by Employers and Contractors.

4. The lack of Infrastructure in urban areas tending people to live in slums who are migrated.

5. Faces Social Exclusion and have various impacts on their health as poor work and living conditions.

Interventions by the Government:-

1. One Nation One Ration Card

2. PM-SHRAM Yogi Mandhan

3. Education projects innovation

4. Ayushman Bharat Scheme- 2018

5. Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan

6. Legislative measures

Way Forward:-

1. Coherent Legal & Policy Framework

2. Ensure ground-level implementation of policies

3. Fill Knowledge & Research gaps

4. Improve Institutional preparedness

5. National Minimum Social Security Package.